全文获取类型
收费全文 | 26095篇 |
免费 | 4153篇 |
国内免费 | 3145篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 9940篇 |
晶体学 | 236篇 |
力学 | 2448篇 |
综合类 | 530篇 |
数学 | 7133篇 |
物理学 | 13106篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 29篇 |
2023年 | 212篇 |
2022年 | 560篇 |
2021年 | 701篇 |
2020年 | 760篇 |
2019年 | 675篇 |
2018年 | 690篇 |
2017年 | 888篇 |
2016年 | 1003篇 |
2015年 | 770篇 |
2014年 | 1282篇 |
2013年 | 1934篇 |
2012年 | 1476篇 |
2011年 | 1743篇 |
2010年 | 1588篇 |
2009年 | 1870篇 |
2008年 | 1874篇 |
2007年 | 1772篇 |
2006年 | 1749篇 |
2005年 | 1338篇 |
2004年 | 1247篇 |
2003年 | 1134篇 |
2002年 | 1006篇 |
2001年 | 926篇 |
2000年 | 801篇 |
1999年 | 667篇 |
1998年 | 672篇 |
1997年 | 542篇 |
1996年 | 485篇 |
1995年 | 413篇 |
1994年 | 362篇 |
1993年 | 310篇 |
1992年 | 304篇 |
1991年 | 215篇 |
1990年 | 189篇 |
1989年 | 173篇 |
1988年 | 164篇 |
1987年 | 125篇 |
1986年 | 76篇 |
1985年 | 95篇 |
1984年 | 94篇 |
1983年 | 45篇 |
1982年 | 87篇 |
1981年 | 56篇 |
1980年 | 44篇 |
1979年 | 64篇 |
1978年 | 48篇 |
1977年 | 34篇 |
1974年 | 22篇 |
1973年 | 32篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 93 毫秒
961.
关于统计学中一个新兴化学分支学科的建立、定义和教育 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文追溯了统计学发展、建立中的大事, 陈述了它的定义及其化学分支发展、建立的梗概; 鉴于化学界对该新兴化学分支学科的名称长期存在争议, 提出了以化学统计学而不以化学计量学为该学科名称的理由, 把化学统计学定义为一个研究有关数据的收集或产生、描述、分析、综合和解释, 以获得新化学知识或信息的学科; 阐明了许多公认属于统计学的方法, 如显著性检验、方差分析、回归和相关, 以及一些尚未认定属于统计学的方法, 如模型建立、蒙特卡罗方法、傅立叶变换和人工神经网络, 都含有统计学5 个内涵中的一个或多个; 探讨了化学统计学家成长的模式, 认为当务之急是把化学统计学纳入化学专业的教学计划, 以培养懂统计学的化学家。 相似文献
962.
1INTRODUCTIONRecentlyorganicnonlinearoptical(NLO)materialsarebeingdevelopedforfre-quencyconversionoflaserinopto-electrics-Especiallybluelightisrequiredforopti-calmemoryofhighdensityrecording.Becauseadiodelaserisusedasalightsource,thenonlinearmaterialswhichhaveextremelyhighvalueofNLOcoefficientsandthetransmissionofblueregionarenecessary.Sincethesecond-orderNLOpropertyoforganiccompoundisderivedfromconjugateddelocalizedrrelectrons,thecompoundswhichhavebeenreportedhavefocusedonthenitroanil… 相似文献
963.
Stefano Banfi Fernando Montanari Silvio Quici Gaguik Torossian 《Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry》1992,12(1-4):159-173
Reaction rates of alkene epoxidations, promoted by aqueous NaOCl and catalyzed by Mn(III)-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin chloride1 (P) in the presence of a lipophilic axial ligand (L) (e.g.N-hexylimidazole) and carried out under H2O/CH2Cl2 two phase conditions at 0°C, are strongly enhanced by lowering the pH of the aqueous phase from 12.7 to 9.5. Under these conditions, a further relevant increase in the reaction rates can be achieved by adding phase-transfer catalysts (PT), e.g. quaternary ammonium salt 3, lipophilic crown ether4 or cryptand5, provided that the amount of L is very small (L/P=1 for very reactive alkenes, e.g. cyclooctene, and 10 for poorly reactive ones, e.g. 1-dodecene). In the case of cyclooctene epoxidation, the use of 0.006–0.03 mol. equiv. of PT completes the reaction in 1–10 min., the initial rates being up to 600 turnovers/min. with (2.2.2,C10) cryptand. In the absence of the axial ligand, the quaternary ammonium salt3 and cryptand5 show an inhibitory effect. Such an effect is due to the formation of the poorly reactive Mn(P)CI species, by Cl– extraction to the organic phase. However, dibenzo crown ether 4 does not show this effect. In the presence of 4, and with L/P =1, the 1-dodecene epoxidation reaches 94% in 1 min. The unique behavior of crown ethers can be explained by their ineffectiveness in extracting alkali chlorides, providing a very low concentration of Cl– in the organic phase and thus avoiding the Mn(III)-porphyrin deactivation.This paper is dedicated to the memory of the late Dr C. J. Pedersen. 相似文献
964.
Ward Whitt 《Queueing Systems》1991,9(3):235-268
A fundamental principle of queueing theory isL=W (Little's law), which states that the time-average or expected time-stationary number of customers in a system is equal to the product of the arrival rate and the customer-average or expected customer-stationary time each customer spends in the system. This principle is now well known and frequently applied. However, in recent years there have been extensions, such as H=G and the continuous, distributional, ordinal and central-limit-theorem versions, which show that theL=W relation, when viewed properly, has much more power than was previously realized. Moreover, connections have been established between H=G and other fundamental relations, such as the rate conservation law and PASTA (Poisson arrivals see time averages), which show that there is a much greater unity in the overall theory than was previously realized. This paper provides a review.This paper is dedicated to the memory of our colleague Professor Peter Franken (1937–1989), who contributed greatly to the subject of this paper and to queueing theory more generally. 相似文献
965.
Jean Diebolt 《Journal of Theoretical Probability》1991,4(4):655-667
We consider the Markov chainX
n+1=T(X
n
)+
n
, where {
n
;n1} is a
d
-valued random sequence of independent identically distributed random variables, and the functionT:
d
d
is measurable and satisfies a suitable growth condition. Under certain conditions involvingT and the probability distribution of
n
, we show that this Markov chain is ergodic. Moreover, we obtain sharp upper bounds for the tail of the corresponding stationary probability density function. In our proofs, we make use of the Leray-Schauder fixed-point theorem. 相似文献
966.
Summary In this paper we have estimated the sensitivity of a large-mass liquid-scintillation detector to search for supernova neutrinos
of different flavours. Events produced by νμ and ντ interactions can be identified by looking at the distorsion in the neutrino energy spectrum. We have shown here that, overlapped
to the main energy distribution produced by
interactions with protons a peak at 15.11 MeV (due to the de-excitation of12C* nuclei excited by neutral-current neutrino interactions) gives a possible signature of these neutrino flavours.
Due to the relevance of its scientific content, this paper has been given priority by the Journal Direction. 相似文献
967.
Paul Ruelle Michel Buchmann Hô Nam-Tran Ulrich W. Kesselring 《Journal of computer-aided molecular design》1992,6(5):431-448
Summary The thermodynamics of mobile order is applied to predict the aqueous solubility of liquid and solid aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The solubility values are mainly determined by the magnitude of the hydrophobic effect. However, contrary to the solubilities of the alkanes, the solubilities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water predicted in absence of solute-solvent hydrogen (H) bonds are systematically too low. This shows the contribution of weak specific interactions between the OH groups and the electrons of the aromatic substances. According to the theory, these interactions are characterized by a stability bility constant Ko which can be derived from solubility data. At 25°C, this constant amounts to 80 cm3/mol, the order of magnitude of which can be explained by the competition of these intermolecular bonds with the rather weak self-association bonds in the secondary chains of water. 相似文献
968.
镓在裸Si系和SiO2/Si系掺杂效应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Based on the diffusion action of gallium in silicon and SiO2 ,a diffusion model of gallium doping in bare silicon system and SiO_2/Si system is first presented in this paper ,the gallium doping effect in the two systems is analyzed theoretically. Experiments and applications have proved that the use of the open-tube gallium deffusion in SiO2/Si system can substantially improve diffusion quality and device characteristics . 相似文献
969.
对近期发展的固体圆二色(CD)光谱测试方法进行了概述、评价和比较, 着重探讨了“浓度效应”的存在使固体CD光谱失真的原因. 通过对本课题组和其他作者已报道的四种化合物的固体CD谱再测试的反思, 强调了依手性化合物的手性光谱学性质不同, 根据浓度梯度实验选择其合适测试浓度的必要性. 对固有手性的阻转异构化合物(S)-1,1'-联二萘酚(S-BINOL)进行了成膜法固体CD谱浓度梯度测试, 发现所得固体薄膜CD谱中也存在着“浓度效应” 相似文献
970.
A. Miele B. P. Mohanty P. Venkataraman Y. M. Kuo 《Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications》1982,38(1):97-109
This paper contains general transformation techniques useful to convert minimax problems of optimal control into the Mayer-Bolza problem of the calculus of variations [Problem (P)]. We consider two types of minimax problems: minimax problems of Type (Q), in which the minimax function depends on the state and does not depend on the control; and minimax problems of Type (R), in which the minimax function depends on both the state and the control. Both Problem (Q) and Problem (R) can be reduced to Problem (P).For Problem (Q), we exploit the analogy with a bounded-state problem in combination with a transformation of the Jacobson type. This requires the proper augmentation of the state vectorx(t), the control vectoru(t), and the parameter vector , as well as the proper augmentation of the constraining relations. As a result of the transformation, the unknown minimax value of the performance index becomes a component of the parameter vector being optimized.For Problem (R), we exploit the analogy with a bounded-control problem in combination with a transformation of the Valentine type. This requires the proper augmentation of the control vectoru(t) and the parameter vector , as well as the proper augmentation of the constraining relations. As a result of the transformation, the unknown minimax value of the performance index becomes a component of the parameter vector being optimized.In a subsequent paper (Part 2), the transformation techniques presented here are employed in conjunction with the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm for solving optimal control problems on a digital computer; both the single-subarc approach and the multiple-subarc approach are discussed.This research was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. ENG-79-18667, and by Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Contract No. F33615-80-C3000. This paper is a condensation of the investigations reported in Refs. 1–7. The authors are indebted to E. M. Coker and E. M. Sims for analytical and computational assistance. 相似文献